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The term “computer network” refers to a collection of computers that share resources within or shared through network nodes. Computers use standard communications protocols using digital interconnections to connect with one another. The interconnections comprise telecommunication networks built on optically wired and physically wired and wireless radio-frequency techniques which can be organized in different topologies for networks.

Computer Networks Interview Questions

The computers that make up a network could comprise servers, personal computers network hardware, other hosts that are general-purpose or specialised. They are identified with networks’ addresses and can be identified by hostnames. Hostnames are used as memorable names for the nodes. They seldom changed after the initial assignment. Network addresses are used for finding and identifying nodes using protocols for communication, such as those used by the Internet Protocol.

What is the nature of the Computer Network?

• A network is an ensemble of devices connected via a physical media link. In the network, two or more nodes are linked by the physical link, and two networks can be linked via one or more nodes.
• A network is a set of devices linked to one another to facilitate sharing of information.
• An example of a network would be the internet. The internet connects millions of people throughout the globe.

What exactly is a topology in Computer Networks?

Network topology is the design of the computer network. It describes how cables and devices are linked to one another. Topologies can be classified into:

Bus:

• The Bus Topology refers to a network topology where all nodes are connected by one cable, referred to as the central cable, or bus.
• It functions as a medium of shared communication, i.e., if any device wishes to transmit the data to another device and then send it through the bus. This, in turn, transmits the data to all connected devices.
• Bus topology can be helpful for a few devices. If the bus is damaged, the entire network will fail.

Star:

• A Star topology can be described as a network topology where all nodes are linked with a central device referred to as the central device.
• Star topology needs more cables than other topologies. This makes it more durable as a break within one cable will end a particular computer connected to this cable.
• If the device at its centre gets damaged and the entire network will fail.
• Star topology is easy to install, maintain and troubleshoot.
• Star topology is often utilized in both home and office networks.

Ring:

• Ring topology is a type of network topology in which the nodes are connected precisely with two or more other nodes and, thus, creating an uninterrupted path to transmit data.
• It doesn’t need a central server to manage the connections between nodes.
• If a single node is damaged, the entire network is affected.
• Ring topology is rarely utilized because it is expensive it is difficult to set up and maintain.
• Some examples of Ring topology include SONET Network, SDH network and so on.

Mesh:

• Mesh topology is a type of network topology where all nodes are linked to each other.
• It doesn’t require a central hub or switch to manage the connectivity between the nodes.
• Mesh topology is classified into two distinct parts:
  • Topology of a fully connected mesh In this Topology, all nodes are connected to one each.
  • Partially linked mesh topology In this type of Topology, all nodes are not connected.
• It’s a sturdy cable since a break within one cable will disable the computer connected to it.
• Mesh topology is not widely utilized as installation and configuration become difficult as connectivity grows greater.
• The cost of wiring for the cable is very high since it requires a large amount of wiring.

Tree:

• The Topology of trees is the mix of bus and star topology. It is also referred to as the expanding star topology.
• The tree topology system is where all Star networks connect to one bus.
• Ethernet protocol is employed for this particular Topology.
• In this case, the entire network is split into segments referred to as star networks that can be maintained easily. If one segment becomes damaged, it will not have any effect on the rest of the segments.
• The tree topology is dependent upon what is known as the “main bus.” If it fails, the entire network is damaged.

Hybrid:

• Hybrid Topology refers to the mixture of several topologies that result in a topology.
• If the star topology is linked to another star topology, then it is still the star topology. If star topology connects with different topologies, it will be a Hybrid topology.
• It allows for flexibility since it can be used in different networks.
• The flaws of Topology will be ignored, and only the strength of the Topology is considered.

What are the requirements to determine the reliability of the network?

Reliability of the network: The term “network reliability” refers to the capability of a network to execute the desired action using network-like communications over networks.

The reliability of the network plays an integral part in the functionality of networks. Monitoring systems for the network and devices are crucial prerequisites to make the network reliable. The monitoring system of the network detects the issues that occur within the network. The network devices make sure that the data is sent to the right destination.

The reliability of a network may be assessed using the following elements:

• Downtime The term “downtime” refers to the needed amount of time needed to recover.
• The Failure Frequency is the time when it does not function according to the way it was designed.
• Catastrophe This indicates that the network was hit by an unexpected incident like an earthquake, fire.

What are the various elements that impact the security of an internet-connected system?

There are two main security-related factors that can affect your security:

• Unauthorized Access
• Viruses

What are the various elements that impact the reliability of the network?

The following elements influence the reliability of a network.

• Frequency of failure
• Time to recover for an internet network after the failure

What are the main variables that affect the performance of an internet-connected network?

The following aspects influence the performance of networks:

• Many users
• Transmission medium types
• Hardware
• Software

What is it that makes a network efficient and efficient?

Two primary elements make a network efficient and efficient:

• The performance of HTML0 may be evaluated in various ways, such as transmit time or response time.
• The reliability of HTML0 is measured by the frequency with which it fails. The frequency of failure determines reliability.
• Robustness The term “robustness” refers to the condition of being sturdy and in good shape.
• Security This document specifies ways to secure data from unauthorized access as well as viruses.

What is the definition of bandwidth?

Each signal has an upper limit frequency and lower frequency of the range. The limit of a network between its lower and upper frequency is referred to as bandwidth.

What are a Node and a link?

Networks consist of 2 or more computers connected via a physical medium such as optical fibre and coaxial cables. This physical medium is referred to as an internet link, and the computers connected to it are known as nodes.

What is an internet gateway? Does it differ from the two?

Any node connected to more than two networks is typically called a gateway. It’s also known as a router. It is used to transmit messages from one network to the other. The gateway and router control the flow of messages within the networks.

Differences between routers and gateways:

The router transmits the data between two networks similar to each other, while a gateway transmits the data to two different networks.

What exactly is DNS?

DNS can be an abbreviation that that stands to mean Domain Name System.

• DNS was created in 1983 by Paul Mockapetris and Jon Postel 1983.
• It is a naming system used to identify all the resources on the internet, which includes physical nodes and applications. It allows you to locate the resources quickly on the network.
• DNS refers to an Internet service that connects domain names to their respective IP addresses.
• With no DNS service, the user needs to be aware of their IP addresses for the website you want to visit.

DNS’s workings:

If you want to visit the website of IndisJob”, then the user will type “https:/Indisjob.com or https:/www.Indisjob.com.

” in the address bar on the internet browser’s address bar. When the domain name is entered, it is the system that handles domain names. It converts the domain name to the IP address, which is easily read by computers. By using an IP address, computers will identify the webpage which the client is requesting.

What exactly is a DNS forwarder?

• Forwarders are used by the DNS server whenever it receives DNS queries that are not answered quickly. Therefore, it forwards those queries to other DNS servers to resolve the issue.
• A DNS server set up as a forwarder can behave differently from the DNS server configured as a forwarder.

Here are the manners in which the DNS server operates when it is configured to act as a forwarder :

• If the DNS server is notified of the query, it can resolve the query by using the cache.
• When the DNS server isn’t able to solve the query, it will forward the query to a different DNS server.
• If the forwarder isn’t accessible, it will attempt to solve the issue using the root hint.

What’s NIC?

• NIC is a short form as the word Network stands for Interface Card. It is a peripheral device connected to the PC to connect to networks. Each NIC comes with its own MAC address used to identify the PC’s location connected to the network.
• It allows wireless connectivity to the local area network.
• The majority of NICs were utilized for desktop computers.

What’s the significance of 10Base-T?

The term is employed to indicate the rate of data transfer. In 10Base, the number 10 is the rate of data transfer, i.e., 10Mbps. The word Base is used to describe the baseband, not broadband. T is the name given to the cable, which is twisted.

What is the NOS of computer networking?

• NOS is the acronym in the form of a Network Operating System. It is specific software that can provide internet connectivity to computers for communication to other computers and connected devices.
• NOS is the program that lets the device communicate and share files with other devices.
• The first operating system for networks was Novel NetWare which was released in 1983. Other examples of NOS include Windows 2000, Windows XP, Linux, etc.

What are the various types of networks?

Networks may be divided based on areas of distribution. For instance:

• PAN (Personal Area Network) The range of its network is 10 meters. It was created to be used for personal purposes. Most personal devices are linked to the network—for example, computers, telephones, fax, printers, etc.
• LAN (Local Area Network): It is employed for smaller geographical areas such as schools, hospitals, offices, etc.
• “HTML0” is a HAN (House Area Network). It’s a LAN utilized within the home and connected to home devices such as personal computers, phones, printers, etc.
• “CAN” (Campus Area Network) This is a link of devices in an area of campus that links to other departments within the organization that are on that campus.
• The MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) connects the devices to large cities, such as metropolitan cities across a large geographic area.
• “WAN” (Wide Area Network): It is widely used across a geographic area that can be used to connect countries and cities.
• GAN (Global Area Network): It uses satellites to connect devices to the world.

What exactly do you mean by MAC address?

MAC is a shorthand for Media Access Control. This is the location of the device within the Media Access Control Layer of Network Architecture. It is a unique address, which so that no two devices will be equipped with identical MAC addresses.

What is an IP address?

An IP address is an individual 32-bit software address for an individual computer part of the network.

What is a private IP address?

There are three different ranges of IP addresses that have been assigned to IP addresses. They aren’t valid to use for internet access. If you wish to connect to the internet via these private IPs, you need proxy servers or NAT servers.

What is a public IP address?

A public IP address is an address assigned from the Internet Service Provider which facilitates users to communicate on the internet.

What is the exact format of ADS?

• ADS is an acronym in the form of Active Directory Structure.
• ADS is a Microsoft technology that manages computers as well as other devices.
• ADS permits administrators of the network to manage domains and users as well as objects within the network.
• ADS comprises three primary levels:
  • Domain Users who use one database are put in one domain.
  • Tree Multiple domains may be combined into one tree.
  • Forest Multiple trees can be put together into one forest.

What is an anonymous FTP?

Anonymous FTP is used to give individuals access to the files on public servers. Users who are granted access to data on these servers don’t have to be identified. However, they can log into the server as an unidentified guest.

What are the most critical components of the protocol?

The principal components of a protocol include:

• Syntax The syntax specifies the structure or formatting of data. It also defines the order that they will be presented.
• Semantics It defines the meaning of each segment of bits.
• Timing defines two aspects: when data must be sent and the speed at which it should be transmitted.

What’s the Domain Name System?

There are two kinds of server/client programs. The user utilizes one, and the second can support applications.

The Domain Name System is the second type-supporting program used by other programs to determine your IP address for an email recipient.

What is the number of layers in OSI the reference model?

OSI reference model: The OSI reference model is an ISO standard that defines a network framework for implementing protocols across seven layers. Seven layers can be divided according to three types:

• The network layer Layer 1, Layer 2, and layer 3 are a layer of the network.
• Layer 4: Transport Layer 4 acts as a layer of transport.
• Application layer. Layer 5, layer 6, and layer 7 comprise the layers of application.

There are seven layers in the OSI reference model.

1. Physical Layer

• It is the smallest stratum in the OSI reference model. OSI is the reference model.
• It is utilized for the transmission of raw bits that are unstructured via the physical medium.
• The physical layer transmits information in either mechanical or optical form or electrical/optical form.
• The physical layer is used to create the physical connection between devices. These physical connections can be created with twisted-pair cables, wireless transmission media or fibre-optic.

2. DataLink Layer

• It’s used to transfer the data from one node to another node.
• It receives details from network layers and transforms these data files into data frames. It then adds the physical address of the frames that are transmitted through the physical layer.
• It allows for the safe transmission of information from one to another.
• The functions of the Data-link layer
• Frame sync Data-link layer transforms information into frames, and it makes sure that the destination can recognize the beginning and end of every frame.
• Control of flow Data-link layer regulates the flow of data within the network.
• Control of errors It is a tool that detects and corrects any error in the transmission process from the source to the destination.
• The addressing Data-link layer binds the physical address with frames so that specific machines can be easily identified.
• Link administration Data-link layer is responsible for the creation, maintenance, and ending of links between the origin and destination to facilitate the exchange of information.

3. Network Layer

• The network layer transforms the logical address into physical addresses.
• It is a routing system that decides on the most efficient path for the packet to take from the source to its destination.
• Network layer functions:
• Routing The layer of the network determines the best route to take from the source to the destination. This process is called routing.
• Logical address The layer of the network determines the addressing scheme used to identify each device uniquely.
• Packetizing The network layer receives information from the top layer and transforms it into packets. This process is referred to as packetizing.
• Internetworking The network layer creates a logical connection between the various networks to create more extensive networks.
• Fragmentation This is the process of breaking the packets into fragments.

Transport Layer

• It transmits the message over the network and verifies errors so that there is no issue in data transmission.
• It offers two kinds of services. :
  • Transmission that is oriented towards connection In this transmitting, the recipient will send an acknowledgement to the sender once the packet is received.
  • Transmission without connection In this type of transmission, the receiver doesn’t acknowledge the sender.

5. Session Layer

• The primary responsibility that the layer of the session has is starting and maintaining the communications between devices.
• The session layer also reports an error that comes from the upper layers.
• The session layer creates and manages the session between two users.

6. Presentation Layer

• The presentation layer is called a Translation layer since it converts data from one format into another format.
• On the sender’s side, this layer converts the format of data used in the layer of application into the standard format. On the receiving end, it converts the standard format into a format utilized in the application layer.
• The functions of the presentation layer are:
  • Character code Translation
  • Data conversion
  • Data compression
  • Data encryption

7. Application Layer

• The application layer allows users to connect to the network.
• It is the highest level that is part of the OSI reference model. OSI models of reference.
• Applications layer protocols include file transfer protocol, basic mail transfer protocol domain name system and many more.
• The most popular app protocol for applications can be described as HTTP(Hypertext transfer protocol ). The user requests the webpage via HTTP.

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